Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles and has formed the basis for much subsequent writing on the subject. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. It became very popular in the field of hr and it was a model that helped shift management from the negative paradigm to a positive spin. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Mar 08, 2008 theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Managers with theory x attitudes hold that subordinates dislike work, avoid work if they can, and show little ambition. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people.
In this theory, management assumes that employees are. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. In 1960, he wrote the book \u201cthe human side of enterprise\u201d, where he identifies and develops his enowned theory x and theory y. According to this view, management must actively intervene to get things done. Consider effort at work as just like rest or play ordinary people who do not dislike work. Jun, 20 the alternative theory, theory y, presents employees in general as motivated, ambitious individuals who take a genuine interest in their work and are motivated by more than simply the fulfillment. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Theory x and y which deals with the motivational factors that influence employee. Theory x and theory y relates to maslows hierarchy of needs in how human behavior and motivation is the main priority in the workplace in order to maximize output.
The climate in a theory x organisation tends to be impersonal and the theory suggests carrot and stick approach to motivation. Clearly, a theory y approach sounds more appealing but, in fact, different members of one team might benefit from different management approaches, depending on the situation. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Theoryx and theoryy management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Conclusion theory x and theory y conclusion theory x and. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. Mcgregor 1960 postulated that if managers enacted practices consistent with theory y behaviors, employee motivation would increase, thereby increasing. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are adaptations. Theory x and theory y mcgregor s theory x and theory y. Many years ago a professor named douglas mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y.
Deming went to japan just after the war to help set up. This refers to an authoritarian management style, where reward and punishment is seen as the best way to motivate employees to meet objectives. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature. If correlate it with maslows theory, we can say that theory x is based on the assumption that the employees emphasize on the physiological needs and the. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Theory x assumes that people dislike work and will. To show how assumptions of mcgregors motivational theory x and theory y have been applied in the. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. Theory x people dislike work, have little ambition, and are unwilling to take responsibility. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely pawns in the company, as his theory x type organizations seemed to believe. Thus, the selabels describe contrasting set of assumptions about human nature. In this process, employees are expected to exercise a large degree of internal motivation. According to an article in the economist, theory x is an authoritarian style where the emphasis is on productivity, on the concept of a.
Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Theory x is negative, traditional and autocratic style while theory y is positive, participatory and democratic. Leadership assumes that money is only motivation for the employees, and they will. It describes two contrasting sets of assumptions that managers make about their people. Explanation of fourteen points of management by edward deming. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation, called as theory x and theory y. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Mba 101 leadership, motivation mcgregor theory x and theory y.
If we relate this theory to maslows hierarchy of needs, we see that theory x relates to lower order needs dominating peoples motivation and theory y is dominated by the higher order needs. Mcgregor s theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior in the organization that was published in by douglas mcgregor. Many theorists support that mcgregor s theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. The theories concentrate on two various models of potential motivation that is implemented by the managers across human resources management, organizational communication. Mcgregor suggests that theory y is the best approach to motivate and influence employees in an organisation. Thus theoryy aims at the establishment of an environment in which employees can best achieve their personal goals by consulting, participating and communicating themselves to the objectives of the organization. Perception of management toward the employees in the banking industry of. However, he found that an organisation driven solely by theory y could not succeed, as some sense of direction and structure was required.
You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. To start off with, heres a brief definition of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. It describes two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people.
Theory y workers were characterised by mcgregor as. Mcgregor was heavily influenced by his colleague abraham maslow and his work on motivation. Mcgregor recognised certain needs that theory x fails to take into account. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Pdf on nov 1, 2017, mohammad saiful islam and others published application of mcgregor s theory x and theory y. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between. Based on the premises concerning human behaviour, prof. Thus, we can say that theory x presents a pessimistic view of employees nature and behaviour at work, while theory y presents an optimistic view of the employees nature and behaviour at work. Mcgregor x and y theory of motivation pdf theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of. Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Theory x and theory y, given by mcgregor, are explained below with the main assumptions of each theory. It also focuses on the characteristics of theory x and y and how to manage upwards theory x boss in any organisation.
The average man is by nature, lazy he works as little as possible. Mcgregors theory x and theory y introduction human beings have been studied systematically and objectively for many years to determine if they are resistant to work or selfgoverning. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. The alternative theory, theory y, presents employees in general as motivated, ambitious individuals who take a genuine interest in their work and are motivated by. Managements action of motivating human beings in the organization, according to mcgregor, involves certain assumptions, generalizations and hypothesis relating to human behavior and human nature. Theory x managers and theory y managers often see their perceptions of people confirmed. Jul 08, 2017 motivation implies the act of stimulating or inspiring subordinates to pursue the desired course of action. The concept of theory x and theory y was developed by social psychologist douglas mcgregor.
Technofunc mcgregors leadership theory x and theory y. Mcgregor s work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Different styles of management have a different bearing on the motivation of workers in the organisation. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. In relations to theory y the organization is trying to create the most symbiotic relationship between the managers and workers which relates to maslows hierarchy of needs of self. Xteacher and theory yteacher aboluays anas musings. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions.
It is something that makes people act or behave in a particular manner. Copyright 2017, scholarly research journal for interdisciplinary. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Mcgregors theory x, y and ouchis z motivation self. The democratic approach of theory y makes people feel comfortable as a result of which they commit themselves wholeheartedly to the organization.
His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. Edwards deming w edwards deming was an american statistician who is associated with the rise of japan as a manufacturing nation, and with the invention of total quality management tqm. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. The trick is to be aware of your assumptions and to adapt your management style, so that all members of your team can benefit. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. Theory y is based on a faulty conception of human nature. Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s.
There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. The concept of theory x and theory y was first proposed by douglas mcgregor in his book human side of enterprise as a alternative sets assumptions about behavior and nature of people at work. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Dec 22, 2017 in this video we are going to be looking at douglas mcgregor theory x and theory y managers. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Xteacher and theory yteacher in the 1960s, douglas mcgregor from mit came up with the theoryx and theoryy to describe styles of managers. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education.
Mc gregors theory x and theory y of motivation explained. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee. In addition, managers who tend to utilize mcgregors theory x generally receive poor results from their employees. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Douglas mcgregor 1960, 1966 classified managers attitudes or belief system, which he called assumptions, as theory x and y. The approach that you take will have a significant impact on your ability to motivate your team members. Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour. Social psychologist douglas mcgregor set forth two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. The paper also summarised the application of theory x and y in classroom management and also. Douglas mcgregor, a behavior management theorist who was heavily influenced by both abraham maslow and.
This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Douglas mcgregor has classified the basic assumption regarding human nature into two parts and has designated them as theory x and theory y. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his book the human side of enterprise 1960. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Motivation implies the act of stimulating or inspiring subordinates to pursue the desired course of action. He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. His theory theory y and theory x are theories of human motivation that have been used for human resource management, organizational behaviour and organizational development. Aug 21, 2015 the theory x and theory y are not based on a single truth.
Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y free. The style adopted by a manager in managing his subordinates is basically dependent upon his assumption about human behaviour. Ramirez stephany juliana romero pino ricado valencia pinacue daniela. In this video we are going to be looking at douglas mcgregor theory x and theory y managers. Mcgregors theory x and y in the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various. The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style. Theory x and theory y describe two very different attitudes toward workforce motivation. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of. Leaders know best, and should closely direct actions taken by staff, with little room for independence and responsibility. Theory x theory x assumes that employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working, and this encourages an authoritarian style of management. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Mba 101 leadership, motivation mcgregor theory x and.